eMMC chips have a lot of protection features. It would be beneficial to have information regarding the state of the eMMC, you might just need to set it properly for access to it. It is likely all the Linux you have tried can install mmc-utils, but I know Ubuntu will make quick work of it.
Can you boot Ubuntu to the desktop in live mode with internet, open the terminal app and type the two commands below to install mmc-utils which is a utility for working with eMMC drives.
Code:
sudo apt update
sudo apt install mmc-utils
Once installed, type in the terminal:
fdisk -l to get the drive's name. As to what the name of the drive will be may be different than the drive name in the example below but it is important to get proper name, not use the one in my example below.
Code:
fdisk -l
Partition 1 = /dev/mmcblk1rpmb
Partition 2 = /dev/mmcblk1boot1
Partition 3 = /dev/mmcblk1boot2
Partition 4 = User space
In the example output above, the drive is called mmcblk1, it has 4 partitions called rpmb, boot1, boot2, and the part of the drive you can play with, User space. To get information regarding the state of the drive I would then run the command below, you would do the same command except use the proper name of the drive in your command. The output will be lengthy, highlight the output, copy and paste it here in code/quote tags.
Code:
mmc extcsd read /dev/mmcblk1